The inclusion criteria for PD were as follows: (1) a diagnosis of idiopathic PD in accordance with the MDS clinical diagnostic criteria ( Postuma et al., 2015), (2) Hoehn and Yahr stage 2–4 (3) signs of difficulties in bed mobility as defined by a score of > 0 for item 11 (“getting out of bed without a cover”) in the Modified Parkinson Activity Scale (M-PAS) ( Keus et al., 2009 Taniguchi et al., 2021), (4) a score of the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) ≥ 24 ( Folstein et al., 1975). Sixteen patients with PD and ten age- and sex-matched healthy controls (hereafter referred to as HC) were enrolled in this study. The results of this study will provide useful insight into the nature of difficulties with bed mobility in patients with PD. We hypothesised that PD patients would exhibit a slower bed mobility and weaker lower muscle strength than that of healthy controls, and a reduced muscle strength and severe motor symptoms especially on the more affected side would be related to slowed bed mobility in patients with PD. ![]() Therefore, the aims of this study were 1) to evaluate movement time and the movement patterns of getting out of bed and the muscle strength in patients with PD, and compare the results with age- and sex-matched healthy controls and 2) to investigate whether muscle strength as well as motor symptoms on the affected and unaffected body sides could influence movement time to get out of bed. ![]() In line with these previous reports, it is conceivable that muscular weakness or stiffness may influence movement time as well as movement patterns and thereby impact the ease with which patients with PD can get out of bed. Nevertheless, contributing factors such as muscle strength and limb rigidity to difficulties in getting out of bed have not been previously considered. Furthermore, other studies have shown that muscular weakness slowed the performance of single-joint movements in patients with PD ( Robichaud et al., 2004 Wierzbicka et al., 1991). ![]() In addition, sensor-based analysis noted a slowed speed in turning in bed ( Bhidayasiri et al., 2016 Bhidayasiri et al., 2017 Chiang et al., 2018 Mirelman et al., 2020 Sringean et al., 2016). Therefore, increasing insight into the underlying difficulties of bed movements in PD is crucial to improve patients’ quality of life.Įarlier studies have already reported on the movement patterns ( Mount et al., 2009) and turning strategies ( Stack & Ashburn, 2006) used by PD patients to get out of bed. Collectively, the worsening of bed mobility and urinary symptoms significantly impact patient comfort at night, especially because the effect of medication is then at its lowest ( Viwattanakulvanid et al., 2014). ![]() Moreover, urinary frequency and urgency are also common in patients with PD due to poor control of the detrusor muscle, arising from disease-related deficits of the autonomic nervous system ( Yeo et al., 2012). Once PD has been diagnosed it is often one of the first difficulties noted ( Pfeiffer & Wszolek, 2012) and worsens with advanced disease ( Mirelman et al., 2020). Notably, a recent longitudinal study showed that difficulties in turning in bed begin 7 to 11 years before PD diagnosis ( Fereshtehnejad et al., 2019). Difficulties in bed mobility are common problems in patients with PD ( Aragon & Kings, 2018 Nieuwboer et al., 1998 Wimmers & Kamsma, 1998), and resolving these limitations are a prerequisite for functional independence. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and is clinically characterised by bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, and postural instability ( Gelb et al., 1999 Jankovic, 2008).
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